Ancient (classical) TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) history
Much of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derives from the same philosophy that inform Taoist and Buddhist thought, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment on all levels.In legend, as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo, the Yellow Emperor (2698 - 2596 BCE) is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years ago. Also another chinese index book of herbs is "Ben Cao Gang Mu" written by Li Shi Zhen.
During the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing, the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing, ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD.
There were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[3] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine). While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) in recent decades. Firstly, TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) to avoid the toxic side effects of pharmaceuticals.
TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence; any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"
The term "TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine)" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine).
Timeline
Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, tokay gecko, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi'an.
The history of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) can be summarized by a list of important doctors and books.
•Unknown, Huángdì nèijīng (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn and Língshū. The earliest classic of TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine) passed on to the present.
•Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s.
•Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD):
*Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó.
*Shanghan zabing lun, which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng.
•Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì.
•Tang Dynasty (618–907)
*Beiji qianjin yaofang (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo.
*Waitai miyao (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao.
•Song Dynasty (960 – 1279):
*Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng(Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī.
•Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī(Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu.
•Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few:
*Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng.
*Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī(An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ.
*Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu, completed in 1601.
*Běncǎo gāngmù(Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn ( the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578).
*Wenyi lun, by Wu Youxing (1642).
•Qing Dynasty (1644-1912):
*Yizong jinjian (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan under imperial commission.
*Zhenjiu fengyuan (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan.
*Wenre lun, by Ye Tianshi.
*Wenbing tiaobian (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong in 1798. |
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